K - k

-ka1   v.end. Simple past tense. Ngurraka wurra era pmara-urna alpuka. It was yesterday the boy went back home. Etna irrpaanga-ntema errkuka. Kurunga nurna kara erinha ilkuka. They caught some fish as well. Then we ate the meat. Erinha wumala, artwa nyinta arrtjanaka, katjia kurrka erinha aritjika. Hearing the young child, the man ran to see what was happening with the child. See: -ala; -arla.

-ka2   n.end. For, what the speaker wants. Indirect object marker, Dative case marker. Yinga kwatjaka lhaka. I went for water. Nurna wurraka kaaralhama. We're waiting for a boy. Kngarripata era karaka antja nama. The old man wants meat.

-ka3   n.end. Possession. Syn: -kanha. Wurraka nantha tjaiyala itnaama. The boy's horse is on the road.

-ka4   n.end. into, towards, in the direction of. Occurs with verbs of moving and putting. Era marna urlpmanthaka kwatja thaalama. She pours water in with the flour. lmanka arrkutjala kaarnta kapurtaka arrarnitjaarta. Long ago, women put head-rings on their head. Era kwatja arrarnama uraka, wumpia-erritjika. She is putting the water on the fire, to heat it up.

-ka5   n.end. located at, in. Ingkarna waara artwa ntjaarrala kwatja errkunha kngarritja mpaaraka, Ntariaka. After that the men constructed a large water tank in Hermannsburg. Kwaarrala yia arnaka ilama. The girl is telling the story on the ground. Era pepaka intalhelama. She is writing on paper.

-ka6   n.end. separates reduplicated nominals. ilangaka-ilanga distant from each other.

kaaka   kt. older brother. See: kalya.

kaakuma   vt. bite, bite off. llparralhiala kaakumanga, relha yaarna etatha nama. If a king brown snake bites a person, they won't live.

kaakwalhama   bite self. Kwaarrala tjipmaara ekuranha kaakwalhama. The girl bites her fingernails.

kaakurta   n. hat. See: mukaarta.

kaamurna   kt. mother's brother, uncle. Mia nukanhaka kalya, era nama kaamurna nuka. My mother's older brother is my 'kaamurna'.

kaaputha   adv. on top of, up high. Marna irna kaaputhala ilparaanama. The bushtucker is hanging high up in the tree.

kaarama   vt. watch over, guard. Miala katjia ankwa kaarama. The mother watches over her sleeping child.

kaaralhama   vi. wait for. Wangkara kaaralhama irrpaangaka. Pacific black ducks wait for fish.

kaarlknga   n. skull. Kaarlknga era nama kapurtaka ngkwaarna. The skull is made up of the bones of the head.

kaarningka   n. lazy. Relha urrkaapuntjaka kutna era nama kaarningka. People who don't know how to work are lazy.

kaarnta   n. head-ring. lmanka arrkutjala kaarnta kapurtaka arrarnitjaarta. Long ago, women put head-rings on their head.

kaarnta nama   vi. curled up, coiled up. Apma kaarnta nama, purta-ilalhaka The snake is curled up into a ball.

kaarra   n. awake. Ingula yinga kaarra naka, ankwa itja. Last night I stayed awake, and could not sleep.

kaarra-errama   vi. become awake, wake up. Tnurlkalhelamala, kaarra-errama. Having been surprised, a person wakes up. Morph: [kaarra + suff.‑erra‑,‑·ma].

kaarra-ilama   vt. wake somebody up. Morph: [kaarra + suff.‑ila‑,‑·ma].

kaarrka   n. bowerbird. Chlamydera maculata. Thepa kaarrkala yultha kngarra antjuaka arrarnama. Bowerbirds put lots of things in their nests.

kaarta   n. father, father's brother.

kaarta-kaarta   n. ankle. Relha inurra-errama, kaarta-kaarta ilkaartanga. A person becomes lame when the ankle is painful to walk on..

kakalhalha   n. Major Mitchell's cockatoo. Cacatua leadbeateri. Kakalhalhala marna anga ilkuma, lyaaka turta Major Mitchell's cockatoos eat seeds and prickles also.

kakara   adv. fast, quickly, swiftly. Used of movement. See: paarrpa. Nantha era kakara arrtjanama. A horse runs fast. Atuka rirrka-rinya nama. Etna kakara inthurra unthama. Button quail live in sandhill habitats. They run around swiftly. kakara lhama going quickly.

-kakwia   n. because of, for the sake of. Artwa lanhakakwia atha mpaarama. I'm doing it for the sake of that man.

-kala   v.end. 1 • Shows that the event has been completed and done. Etna kala ilkukala. They have already eaten.

2 • Indicates an event which occurs prior to the event of the main clause. It marks the verb of a dependent clause in a complex sentence. It indicates an event which happens before the reference time. Marna pmurlpa thathaka-errakala, urnma ilkuma. Quandong fruits which have turned ripe and red are eaten. Irrpaanga etna irrkukala nurna ilkuka. We ate some fish that they'd caught. Era ramia tukala errilknga ntelama. She shows the goanna that she killed.

-kala-iperra   v.end. Nakala-iperra, era kamerrama After sitting, she gets up.

-kalanga   v.end. As, because, if, when. Dependent clause marker. Indicates that the event of the dependent clause happens before the event of the main clause and has some effect on the Subject of the main clause. Kwatja itja nhakalanga, kwatja kuka waara intaka ntjutjika. As it hadn't rained, there wasn't much water there to drink. Era paka pitjikalanga, atha erinha aramara If he had come I'd have seen him. Yia nhanha atha wuka yinga katjia nakalanga, relha nyinta ekura-iperra, rretnya ekura Albert. Here is a story that I heard about Albert when I was a child. Urlpaiya-urna lhakalanga, nurna arrkana inthurra pmara-urna alpuka. Having gone to the river, we were all very happy and went back home.

kala   adv. done, finished, O.K. right, that’s it. "Unta ilkuka?" "Awa, kala ilkuka." "Did you eat?" "Yes, I have eaten." Kwatja kala yarranhamanga, etna kwatja Kuprilya-nga camel-ala kngitjitjaarta. When the water ran out, they carted the water from Kuprilya by camel. Morph: [kama + suff.‑lha‑,‑ma].

kalinya   n. ready, prepared, enough, Kalinya kunha, urnma intama ilkutjika. It is ready, cooked and ready to eat.

kaltja   n. knows, informed, Katjia nhanha ntjaarra Arrarntaka kaltja. These children know Arrarnta. Wurra nhanha kaltja nama nthau-urna lhitjika, pmara ekuranha-urna alputjika. This boy knows where to go, to go back to his home.

kaltjerrama   vi. learn, become informed. Yia wumala, katjia marna-iperra kaltjerrama. The child learns about food by listening to the story. Morph: [kaltja + suff.‑erra‑·,‑ma).

kaltjinthama   vt. teach, instruct. lngkaartala wurlamparinyanha kaltjinthama. The pastor is teaching the congregation. Arrkutja ntjaarrala katjia ntjaarranha kaltjinthama nthaakinha yirrampaka tnyaatjika. The women teach the children how to dig for honey ants.

kaltjinthanhinthanha   n. teacher, instructor. Kaltjinthanhinthanhala katjia ntjaarranha intalhelitjika kaltjinthama. The teacher teaches the children to write. Morph: [kaltjinthama + suff.‑nha, reduplic.]

kaltjinthintja   n. teaching, doctrine. Kaltjinthintja arrpunha inthurra nhanha! This teaching is really different! Morph: [kaltjinthama + suff.‑ntja].

kaltjirrpulhelama   vt. baptise, immerse. Ingkaartala katjia nyinta erinha kaltjirrpulhelama, Jesuaka rretnya ilamanga. The Pastor baptises a child in the name of Jesus.

kaltjirrpulhelanha   n. baptiser. Morph: [kaltjirrpulhelama + suff.‑nha).

kaltjirrpulhelintja   n. baptism. Morph: [kaltjirrpulhelama + suff.‑ntja].

kalurta-kalurta   n. Desert poplar. Codonocarpus cotinifolius.

kalya   kt. older brother. See: kaaka. Kalya era mia kaartaka wurra arrkurlinya. 'Kalya' is the oldest son for his mother and father.

kalya-kalya   n. cheeky, arrogant, superior. Relha ekarlta, ltaarrpa-kunya, era nama kalya-kalya. A person who is strong, and with no compassion, is arrogant.

kama   vt. cut. Atha kara ngkwaltja-ilamala kama. I'm cutting the meat into small pieces.

kalhama   vi. cut self. Imanka relha ltaarrpa-lela kalhitjaarta. Long ago those in sorry camp cut themselves.

kanha-kanha   n. cutter. Relha imankinyala kanha-kanha mpaaraka, parta rrirlpa irna-lela yirnakala. Our ancestors made a cutting instrument, binding a sharp piece of stone to a piece of wood. Morph: [kama + suff.‑nha, reduplic.]

Kamaarra   n. skin name. Kamaarraka nua rraatja nama Pilthaarra. The right one to marry for 'Kamaarra' is 'Pilthaarra'.

kamerrama   vi. get up, rise. Nakala-iperra, era kamerrama. After sitting, she gets up.

kamanterrama   vi. just to get up. Morph: [kamerrama + suff.‑anta‑].

kamalhelama   vt. wake up, raise, resurrect. Atha erinha kamalhelama. I'm making him get up.

kamerrintja   n. rising, resurrection. Morph: [kamerrama + suff.‑ntja].

-kanga   v.end. Related to -kalanga. Kwatja itja kuta pitjikanga, etna paka parlkala inthurra urrkaapukanga. As the water hadn't come, they may have worked completely in vain.

kangkama   vi. love, like. Yinga ungkwanga kangkama I like you.

kangkintja   n. love, kind. Era nama kaarta kangkintja. He's a loving father. Morph: [kangkama. + suff.‑ntja].

kangkwerrama   vt. obey, listen to someone. Era kangkwerramala, era marra kaltjerrama. When he's listening, he's a good learner.

kangkwanterrama   vt. only obey. Era katjia ilpuratha, era kala kangkwanterrama. He's an obedient child and obeys straight away. Morph: [kangkwerrama + suff.‑anta‑).

kangkwerranha   n. obedient one, obeyer. Morph: [kangkwerrama + suff.‑nha].

kangkwerrintja   n. obedience. Katjia etna kangkintja ntelalhamanga, etna kangkwerrintja-karta nama. The children who show kindness to other people are obedient. Morph: [kangkwerrama + suff.‑ntja].

kanha   adv. but, however (followed by an optional suff, -la attached to noun or verb). Wurra nhanha tjinya, kanha tjia ekuranha tungka. This boy is tall, but his younger brother is short. Eratharra tnyaaka, arna era kanha ekarlta inthurra naka. They dug, but the ground was very hard. Lhunga kanha naka kartninya waarala, itja iparta inthurra eratharra-ntama taakaka. As the burrow was close to the surface and not deep down, the two of them broke through to it.

-kanha   n.end. used for, associated with, belonging to. ilpakanha earring. Turrintjakanha urlpurrinya ilpakarta. This hooked boomerang is used for fighting. Antjakanha beads worn around the neck.

kanhanga   kt. a pair of brothers. Kaarta lhaka, karaka yunthitjika. Wurra kanhanga ekura kaaralhaka. Father went out hunting. His brother waited for him.

kaningka   See main entry: kaarningka.

kanthatuma   vt. pound, hammer, knock together. Pmara mpaaramala, irna nyinta-lhelama, kanthatuma. When making a building, people join the timbers together by knocking them together.

kantja   n. 1 • tail. Era ingka, kantja turta, urltaakama He is cutting off the legs, and also the tail.

2 • tip, top of. Iltja kantja ura mpukala, yaarna urrkaapuma. When one's fingertips have been burnt in the fire, a person cannot work.

kapalya   n. Central netted dragon lizard. Ctenophorus nuchalis. Tjurnpala kapalya etnanha ilkuma. A perentie eats netted dragon lizards.

kapanha   adv. in return. Relha kangkintjala kapanha nthama. People show kindness in return. Altjirrala ilama, "Relha itja nuka kangkwerrama, atha erinha kapanha tutjina". God says, "Those people who do not obey me, I will punish them in return."

kapilyalkunha   n. pelican. Pelecanus conspicillatus.

kapurta   n. head. Kapurta tjipaarra inthurra nama: alknga-karta, ilpa-karta, rrakarta-karta, nturrknga-karta. Our head is really important: eyes, ears, mouth and brain are all part of it. lmanka arrkutjala kaarnta kapurtaka arrarnitjaarta. Long ago, women put head-rings on their head.

kapurta itnaantja   crest of bird. Thepa nhanha ntjaarra kapurta itnaantja: elintja, kakalhalha pa erraarnta. These birds have crests: galahs, cockatiels and red-tailed black cockatoos.

kapurta-kapurta   n. dragonfly. Kapurta-kapurta kwatja kartninyala itnaama. Dragonflies hover over the water.

kara   n. meat, game, edible animals. Relhala kara ntjaarra ilkuma: ramia, kara-arra, tjurnpa, irrpaanga, arrpunha ntjaarra turta. People eat various kinds of meat: goanna, kangaroo, perentie, fish, and others as well.

kara-arra   n. kangaroo. Nhanha kara-arra nama, kara marra! Here is a kangaroo, which is good meat!

kara lungkultja   n. meat, the kinds of animals that people eat for their meat. Kara lungkultja nhanha relhala ilkuma: itua, wangkara, enarlanga, kara-arra, ramia, arrpunha turta. People eat these kinds of meat: bush turkey, duck, echidna, kangaroo, goanna, and others as well.

kara kwatja   n. meat-broth, soup, Relhala marna tharrka-lela kara kwatja mpaarama, ilkutjika. People make a beef stew, with vegetables added, for them to eat.

-karlaka   n. to, or into. Ngkurlpa-karlaka ilpminya lhaangamala, relhala thama. Pituri is mixed with ashes, then ground up.

karnta   n. 1 • cold, cool. Wumpianga, relhala kwatja karnta ntjuma. Because it is hot, people drink cold water.

2 • cold weather.

karntala tuma   get cold, freeze. Relhanha karntala tuma, wurinya ntakaarranga ekngarranga waarnamanga. The cold weather really hits people when the wind blows from the south east.

karnta-errama   v.i. cool down. Nurna kurrka waara arrarnama, karnta-erritjika, kala ilkuma-ntama. Put on the side to cool down,they are then soon ready to eat.

-karta   n. 1 • with, having, in possession of something. Yinga itja ngaiyala, yinga marna-karta. I'm not hungry. I've got some food.

2 • having an illness or a condition. Katjia nhanha ilkaarta-karta irtnima. Because of the pain, the child is crying.

-kartala   having and using that which is marked with -karta. Relha ngangkara-kartala minta angkerra-iwuma. The ngangkara heals the sick person. Relha ngkwarlknga-kartala ntjira etamala ntjuma. People with a cold boil woollybutt grass and drink it.

karta   n. 1 • part, portion.

2 • end. eturna karta end of the hot season.

kartamala   n. pillow, underlay for the head. Relha kartamalaka kapurta arrarnanhamala, intama. People place a pillow under their head, and lie down.

kartarama   vi. look down at, look down on, look down to. Kalyala tjia ekuranha kartarama. Big brother looks down at his younger brother.

kartatharra-ilama   vt. Separate, divide. Artwala marna mpaltjarta kamala kartatharra-ilama. The man divides the wild orange fruit by cutting it into halves.

-kartitja   n.end. up to, as far as. Used for both space and time. Marna altjurta ulta-kartitja mangkama. Millet grass grows up to waist high.

kartna   adv. on top of, atop. Nurna katjia ntjaarra kartna kngama, kwatjala walhitjika. We take the children up on top, for a swim in the water.

kartna-errama   vi. become high, rise. Morph: [kartna + suff‑–err –ma).

kartna-thapa   uphill. Kwatja yaarna kartna-thapa lhama. Water can't run uphill.

kartna-thaka-ilama   vt. lift up high, make to be high. Morph: [kartna + suff.‑thaka,‑ila‑,‑ma].

kartninya   n. high, on top, lofty, on top of, above, high above. Kngulya ntjaama kartninyala intama. The dog is lying on top of the blanket.

kartninya-mpinya   n. the part along the top. Morph: [kartninya + suff.‑mpinya].

kartninya-rinya   n. overseer, guardian, leader. Morph: [kartninya + suff‑–rinya].

kartninya-errama   vi. become lofty, become exalted. Morph: [kartninya + suff.‑erra‑,‑ma].

kartninya-ilama   vt. Lift up and make higher, make lofty or exalt. Kwatja rua lhamanga, ingkarninya kartninya-ilama. When the creeks flood, after time the water level gets high. Irna nhanha kartninya-ilamala, unta aritjina iwunha paka kwaarninya intamanga. When you lift that thing up, you will see what is lying under it. Morph: [kartninya + suff.‑ila‑,‑ma].

katha   n. 1 • clear, visible, plain to see. Atha kapalya katha arama. Era kapurta ngarlalaanama. I can clearly see the dragon lizard. He's turning his head from side to side.

2 • outside. Arrkutja nhanha katha-urna rraatama. This woman is coming outside.

kathala   adv. outside. Ilthanga kathala Outside of the house. Yinga kathala nama, tjurara-errama, karntanga. I'm outside, to warm up in the sun because it is cold.

katha-mpinya   n. the part on the outside. Morph: [katha + suff.‑mpinya ].

katha-ilama   vt. make clear or visible. Atha ngkatja inpura nhanha katha-ilama. I'm making this ponderous statement into a clear one. Morph: [katha + suff.‑ila‑‑ma].

-kathana   n.end. mistakenly thinking that. Marrakathana yinga alpuka. I went back, wrongly thinking this was the right thing to do.

katharrarnama   vt. wipe out completely, eradicate,

katjia   n. kid, child. Katjia kurrka mangkamala, kngarritja-erramala, era-ntama kakara arrtjanama katjia arrpunha ntjaarra-lela. A baby grows and, getting big, he then runs around fast with other children. Katjia kurrka etna kngarritja-erramalanga, kukatui-ntama nama. Wutha kngarritja-erramanga, etna-ntama katjia nama: wurra pa kwaarra. Babies grow up and become toddlers. Growing some more, they become children: boys and girls.

katjia kurrka   n. newborn baby. Katjia kurrka taarnala intama. The baby is lying in the coolamon.

katjia-kunya   n. childless. Morph: [katjia + suff.‑kunya].

katjia-karta-errama   vi. become pregnant. Morph: [katjia + suff.‑karta,‑erra‑,‑ma].

-katjila   n. instead of. Karakatjila era yinganha marna nthaka. He gave me bread instead of meat.

katjirra   n. bush tomato, desert raisin, bush sultana plant with yellow fruit. Solanum centrale. Marna katjirra rirrkala mangkama. Desert raisins grow in sandhill habitats. Relhala marna katjirra marra ilkuma. People find that desert raisins are really good to eat.

kekarta   adv. against (with lhama).

kerrintja   n. respectful. Imanka relha arrpunha-lela itja ngkarraka, etna kerrintja naka. Long ago people did not talk to some others because this was respectful.

-kimparra   end. first. Itja, yinga-kimparra ngkiai. No, I have to speak first.

-kitja   v.end. might happen. A warning to avoid something, lest. Variant: -mitja. Artwala ntulya arrarnama, langala aangerra mpukitja. The man is putting on his hat to stop the sun burning his face. Yinga itja lhama era yinganha tumitja I'm not going- he might hit me.

-kitjanga   With a verb which shows that something bad or dangerous will happen. Variant: -mitjanga. Lauwulhai, arrpunhala iltaaramitjanga! Hide, or others might find you!

kngaanintja   n. eternal, uncreated. Atjirranha kngaanintja ngampakala nama. God is uncreated and lives forever.

kngaartiwuma   vt. translate, change.

kngama   vt. take, carry. Era rutjala kwatja pmara-urna kngama. She is taking water home in the water dish.

kngapa-kngama   carry or take constantly. Morph: [kngama, reduplic‑].

kngetnama   vt. take back, carry back. Era kara pmara-urna kngetnama. He is taking the meat back to camp.

kngitjalpuma   bring back. Era kara kngitjalpuka. He brought back some meat. Morph: [kngama + suff.‑etna‑].

knganha   carrier, bearer. Morph: [kngama + suff.‑nha].

knganha-knganha   carrier, bearer (long form). Morph: [kngama, reduplic‑].

kngarnama   vt. carry.

kngarra    See: kngarritja.

n. 1 • big, great, much, extensive, widespread. Kwatja kngarra pitjima There's a lot of rain coming.

2 • important.

3 • many, lots of. Intapitnya ngkwaarna kngarra-karta ‘the bony bream has many bones!’. Thepa kaarrkala yultha kngarra antjuaka arrarnama. Bowerbirds put lots of things in their nests. See: ntjaarra.

kngarra-kngarra   n. Somewhat large, fairly great, moderately great or large. Morph: [kngarra, reduplic‑]. Artwa nyintala ura ngkwaltja kutjika, kurunga etaka. Ngkwaltja para-ipenha kutjikalanga, ura kwaarta kngarra-kngarra uranga rraataka. A man collected firewood, then lit it. As he had collected river red gum wood, quite a lot of smoke came from the firewood.

kngarra-errama   vi. become more, increase. Morph: [kngarra. + suff.‑erra‑,‑ma].

kngarra-ilama   vt. make more, increase. Morph: [kngarra + suff.‑ila‑,‑ma].

kngarrama-kngarra   n. more and more. Morph: [kngarra + suff.‑ama‑, reduplic.]

kngarrama-kngarra-errama   vi. become more and more. Morph: [kngarra + suff.‑ama‑, reduplic.‑erra‑, ma].

kngarripata   n. elder, old people, old man or old woman. Relha kngarritja thaltja-erramanga, ingkwia-erramanga, era nama kngarripata. Adults become weaker and older: they are 'kngarripata'.

kngarripata-errama   vi. become an old person. Morph: [kngarripata + suff.‑erra‑,‑ma].

kngarritja   n. big. Kwaarra kngarritjanha ilama warnka. A big teenage girl is called warnka. Pupulya kngarritja-erramala, ntjitjaarra-ntama-errama. Tadpoles grow big and become frogs.

kngarritja-kngarritja   biggish, medium sized. Urlpunta era nama irna kngarritja-kngarritja. Ntatha ekura thathaka ngerra. Emu bush is a medium sized bush. Its flowers are a reddish colour.

kngitjima   vt. bring.

kngitjalpuma   vt. bring back. Morph: [kngitjima. + suff.‑alpu‑,‑ma].

kngulya   n. dog.

kngulya itnura   n. dingo. Canis familiaris. Kngulya itnura relha-urna itja etinya-errama. Dingoes do not come close to people.

kngulya itnura kuka   dingo pup. Mia kaartala kngulya itnura kukanha kara nthama. Dingo parents give their pups meat.

kngulyaka-alkngaampunha   n. Tall yellowtop, perennial yellowtop. Senecio magnificus.

Kngwarria   n. skin name.

kngwerrama   vi. forget.

Krista   n. Christ. Jesua era Krista namanga, era nurnanha tangkalhelama. Jesus, being the Christ, saves us.

Krista-rinya-errama   vi. become a Christian. Relhala Jesuanha tnaakamanga, era relha Krista-rinya-errama. People who believe in Jesus become Christians. Morph: [Krista + auff.‑rinya,‑erra‑,‑ma].

kuka   n. small, little. A short form of kurrka. lrntaakupmala yaarra urrpurla kuka ilkuma. Mountain devils eat small black ants. Syn: kurrka.

Kumantjai   n. name used to replace the name of someone who has died. Relha yarramanga, relha ntjaarrala itja wutha rretnya ekuranha ilama. Etna-ntama ilama, 'Kumantjai.' When a person passes away, people do not use their name any more. From then on, they just say 'Kumantjai.'.

kumia   n. sweet. Anga nhanha kumia inthurra This fruit is very sweet. Ngkwaarla yirrampa etna kumia inthurra. Honey ants are very sweet.

kunha   adv. really, truly (emphasis preceding a noun). Katjia nhanhala kunha itja wuma. This child doesn't listen at all.

kunpa   n. be at ease, relaxed, unaffected by what is happening around you, minding one's own business. Text mpaaramala, katjia nhanha kunpa lhapalhama, motorcar-aka kngwerrama. While walking along and texting, this child is unaware and forgets about motorcars coming along.

kunpa-ilama   vt. bring away so that the other one can't see. Katjia kunpa-ilama, relha turramanga. As people are fighting, one takes the child away so they can't see. Morph: [kunpa + suff.‑ila‑,‑ma].

kunpa-kunpa-ilama   vt. put at ease, calm down. Katjia miaka irtnimanga, tjina arrpunhala erinha kunpa-kunpa-ilama. As the child is crying for her mother, other family calm her down. Morph: [kunpa, reduplic. + suff.‑ila‑,‑ma].

kunpalunpala   n. crested bellbird. Oreoica gutturalis. Kunpalunpala ngkama artwa leltja paka etinya itnaamanga. Bellbirds might call out when a kurdaitcha is coming close.

-kunya   n.end. without, lacking in. See: -raapa. Etna ura-kunya namanga, etna karnta wulhama. As they don't have a fire, they are feeling cold.

kunya   excl. Poor thing, poor fellow. Kunya kunha, era tjina-raapa! Poor thing, hasn't got a friend!

kunya-errama   vi. feel sorry for, be sad. Ltaarrpa wulhamala, kngarripata era minta-errakala, relha ekura kunya-errama. When feeling sad the old person got sick. People feel sorry for him.

kupaarta   n. plum bush. Santalum lanceolatum. Pulya-erramala, marna kupaarta arnaka tnyima. Once ripe, plum bush fruits fall to the ground.

kupa-kupa   n. stalked puffball. Podaxis pistillaris. Kupa-kupa tjurlkara, kwaarna urrpurla. The puffball is white on the outside, and black inside. Wurra arrkana waara kupa-kupala inginya parnalhama. Just for the fun of it, the boys use stalked puffballs to paint whiskers on themselves.

Kuprilya   n. Place name for Kuprilya Springs, about 7 km west of Ntaria (Hermannsburg). Older spelling: Kaporilja. Imanka etna kwatja Kuprilya-nga Ntaria-urna kngitjitjaarta. Long ago they brought water from Kuprilya to Hermannsburg.

kurla   n. long hair. Relha ntjaarraka kapurta kurla tjinya, arrpunha ntjaarraka tungka. Lots of people have long hair, and others short hair.

kurla   pa. supposedly. Laakinha kurla era ngkaka. That's what he's supposed to have said.

kurlaiya   n. water snake, mythical. Also known as apma kurlaiya. Apma kurlaiya kwatja ipartala nama. The water snake lives in the permanent waterhole.

kurla-kurla   n. on heat (of animals only). Tnuntha kurla-kurla unthama. Animals roam around when on heat.

kurltama   vt. cover, cover over. Kurunga etna arna arrarnaka, pipe erinha kurltitjika. After that they put in the soil to cover the pipe. Tjaapa tnyamaatja twaapala kurltama, urnma-erritjika. People cover the witchetty grubs over with warm coals, to cook them.

kurltalhama   vi. cover self. Karntanga, blanket-ala kurltalhama. Because it is cold, a person covers herself with a blanket. Morph: [kurltama + suff.‑lha‑,‑ma].

kurltanhama   vt. cover over while going along. Eratharra lhapalhama. Relha arrpunhala impatja kurltanhama, lhamala. Two people walk along. The second person covers over the other's foot tracks as he walks along. Morph: [kurltama. + suff.‑nha‑,‑ma].

kurltalhintja   n. covering. Katjia kuka kurltalhintja, ankwa thanaka. People cover the baby up, when it is laid down to sleep. Morph: [kurltalhama + suff‑–ntja].

kurna   n. bad, evil. Marna nhanha kurna, itja ilkutjika. This food is good and not to be eaten. Errintja kurna era antja nama relhanha kurna-ilitjika. The evil spirit wants to give people a bad time.

kurna-kurna   n. Not too good, in poor condition but not totally bad, unimportant or poor people, people of low social status. Relha nhanha kurna-kurna, tjina-raapa. This person is unimportant, with no friends and family. Morph: [kurna, reduplic‑].

kurna-ilama   vt. do harm to, make bad. Yinga lhitjika antja nama. Unta parramala, unta yinganha kurna-ilama. I want to go. When you are stopping me, you mess me around.

kurna-errama   vi. became bad or spoiled. Kara nhanha paarrpa etai. Itjanga, era kurna-errama. Cook this meat straight away. If not, it will turn bad. Morph: [kurna. +‑erra‑,‑ma].

kurna-lhelama   vt. make bad or worthless.

kurna-urna-ilama   vt. make to do or be bad, or evil, turn evil. Relhala ilama, "Katjia itja!" Etna lhamala, kurna-urna-ilama. People state, "No children!" When the children go, they will spoil it for everyone. Morph: [kurna + suff.‑urna,‑ila‑,‑ma].

kurna-urna-errama   vi. be about to become bad or evil, a bad situation, turn to evil. Nurna kurna-urna-errama! Kwatja kngarrala nhaka, tjaiya maarnta-ilitjika. We are coming into a bad situation. There was a lot of rain which closed the road. Yakai, yinga kurna-urna-errama! Katjia kuka ntjaarra nuka-lela ingkarraka ngaiyala. Oh, I've come into a big problem! All the children with me are hungry.

kurna-ilalhama   vi. harm oneself. Paarla etlaramala, unta kurna-ilalhama. If you are not thinking straight, you harm yourself. Morph: [kurnilama + suff.‑lha‑,‑ma].

kurnarintja   n. sinner, evildoer. Ingkaarta ngkaka, "Nurna ingkarraka kurnarintja namanga, nurna ilalhama". Pastor said, "As we are all sinners, we confess to that."

kurnama   vt. put into, insert. Era ngkurlpa thauwaka kurnama. She is putting the tobacco in the bag. Artwa nyintala kara-arra twaapaka kurnama, urnma-erritjika. One man puts the kangaroo into the coals of the fire, to cook it. Relhala urlpunta ura kwaartaka kurnamala, katjia ltarrknga mangkitjika. People put children in smoke from emu bush leaves, to make them grow up healthy.

kurnkutungkuta   n. spotted nightjar. Eurostopodus argus. Kurnkutungkuta irna ntjwiala nama. Spotted nightjars live in corkwood trees.

kurrka   n. small, little. Thepa kngarritjala kapalya kurrka tumala, ilkuma. Big birds kill the small dragon lizards and eat them. Ngkwaltja nuka kurrka intamanga, yaarna marna kngarra inama. I've only a small amount of money so can't buy much food.

kurrkama-kurrka   n. bit by small bit, little by little. Kurrkama-kurrka urltaakai, ingkarrakala ilkutjika! Break it into little bits, for everybody to eat! Morph: [kurrka, reduplic‑].

kurrka-errama   vi. become smaller or less. Paraltja ilaarnakala, kwatjala nhakalanga. Etna kurrka-errama-ntama. The 'paraltja' falls off because of the rain. There are less, after that. Morph: [kurrka + suff.‑erra‑,‑ma].

kurrka-erretnama   vi. become smaller or less while going along. Kwatja rua kurrka-erretnama, kwatja kala yarraka. The floodwaters become smaller, the rain having finished. Morph: [kurrka +‑errama + suff.‑etna‑,‑ma].

kurrkunta   n. younger generation. Old word.

kurrkurrka   n. boobook owl. Ninox novaeseelandiae. Kurrkurrka ingula rraatama ilkutjika. Boobook owls come out in the evenings to eat.

kurruna   n. soul. Relha ingkarraka kurruna-karta nama. All people have a soul.

kurtungurla   n. 1 • land manager. Kurtungurla era mpaarna ekuranhaka pmara ntarntarintja. A land manager is the caretaker for his brother-in-law's country.

2 • follower, disciple, Jesuala relha ntjaarranha ntangkaka, kurtungurla ekuranha ntjaarranha nitjika. Jesus called many people to be his disciples.

-kurtwia   n.end. owner, associated with. pmarakurtwia landowner. Relha nhanha yultha-kurtwia, yultha kngarra-karta. This person is the owner of lots of possessions.

kuta   adv. 1 • Next to a place. The location use occurs with -nga3. Lira nuka mia ekuranga kuta itnaama. My son is standing next to his mother. Pmaranga kuta era itnaama It stands right next to the camp. Etna itnaama irna ilpulhanga kuta. They are standing next to the tea tree.

2 • keep on being, right through, go for a long time. Kuta inthurra etna kaaralhaka. Pmara-rinya arrpunha ntjaarra ankwa-intaka. They waited and waited. All the local people went to sleep. Arna era kanha ekarlta kutala naka, relhala yaarna tnyaaka Since the ground was hard all the way through, the people were unable to dig. Ura ilpaarta kuta mpuma A log will burn for a long time.

kuta-errama   vi. remain, stay in one place. Nurna nhanhala kuta-errama, itja wutha lhama. We are staying here, and are not going away again.

kutanta   n. for good, once. Era kutanta pmara-urna lhaka. Era itja wutha pitjalpuka. He went back home for good. He did not come back here again.

kutatha   adv. always, continually, regularly. Mpalha kapurta kwatja ipartala kutatha intama. There is always water in the rockhole, even in the middle of summer. Miala ilama, "Unta kutatha school-urna lhamanga, atha nganha kngama, holiday-aka.” The mother says, "If you keep going to school regularly, I will take you for a holiday."

kutjima   vt. 1 • gather, collect. Arrkutja ntjaarrala yalka kngarra kutjima. The women collect lots of wild onions. Ititja anga kutjima, thamala ilkuma. Mulga seeds are collected, ground up and eaten.

2 • pick. Katjia kngarritjala irnaka ntjimala, langkwa kutjima. Climbing a tree, a big child picks wild bananas.

kutjirlaanama   keep on gathering. Relha kngarra ngaiyala namanga, etna kutjirlaanama. As lots of people are hungry, they collect food as they go along. Morph: [kutjima + suff.‑lana‑,‑ma].

kutjirlaapuma   gather, collect while walking about. Arrkutja nyintala marna katjirra kutjirlaapuma. One woman is collecting desert raisins as she walks along. Morph: [kutjima + suff.‑laapu‑,‑ma].

kutjinha   collector, gatherer. Thepa kaarrkala yultha kutjinha, antjua ekuranhaka arrarnama. Bower birds collect objects and place them in their nest. Morph: [kutjima suff‑–nha].

kutjintja   n. collection, gathering up. Nhanha nama kutjintjaka arlta marra, nurna marna katjirraka kutjima. It is a great time to gather. We are collecting desert raisins.

kutna   n. ignorant, unknowing, not know something, not practice something. Ngkatja nhanha inpura ngerra, yinganha kaltjinthai. Yinga ekura kutna. This statement is pretty heavy. Explain it. I don't understand it. Yinga tjaiya nhanhaka kutna. Yinga itja kaltja nama tjaiya nhanha nthau-urna lhamanga. I don't know this road. I don't know where it is leading to.

kutura   n. fighting stick, nulla nulla. Arrkutja tharra kuturala turruka. Two women fought with clubs.

kwaakitjakama   vt. embrace, hug, Kalyala tjia ekuranha kwaakitjakama, lyaartanta aramala. Big brother hugs his younger brother. It's only today that he sees him.

Kwaarla   n. place name, for area along the Ellery Creek, east of Ntaria (Hermannsburg). Pmara Kwaarla era Ntaria-nga ekngarra. Kwaarla is east of Hermannsburg.

kwaarna   n. inside. Ramia lhunga kwaarna irrpuka. The sand goanna went inside the burrow. Kupa-kupa tjurlkara, kwaarna urrpurla. The puffball is white on the outside, and black inside.

kwaarnala   on the inside, within, in. Pmara kwaarnala etna intaka. They slept inside the house. Ngkaiya lhunga kwaarnala nama. Bilbies live underground in burrows. relhaka mparrka kwaarnala internal organs.

kwaarna-mpinya   the part on the inside, inside. Pmara kwaarna-mpinya relha ilkaarta intarlaanaka. The person in pain was lying inside the house.

kwaarnama   vt. swallow, gulp down. Atha yaarna marna nhanha kwaarnama, antja maama-karta. I can't swallow this food. I have a sore throat.

kwaarninya   adv. below, underneath. Kngulya ntjaamala kwaarninya intama. The dog is lying underneath the blanket. Relha urrputja ntulyala narlaanama, irna kwaarninya. A few people are sitting in the shade, underneath the tree.

kwaarninya-errama   vi. became low, come down. Thepa nyintala kwaarninya-errama, kara initjika. A bird comes down to get its kill. Morph: [kwaarninya + suff.‑erra‑,‑ma].

kwaarninya-ilama   vt. make low, bring down. Relha tjinya nyintala irnaka etintja kwaarninya-ilama, marna langkwa initjinala. One tall person climbs the branch of the tree, and brings it down so that the bush bananas can be collected. Morph: [kwaarniny + suff.‑ila‑,‑ma].

kwaarra   n. girl, daughter. Manhanga lhama, mia kwaarra ekuranha-karta. The mother and child are going: mother with her daughter.

kwaarta   n. smoke (usually with ura). Relhala urlpunta ura kwaartaka kurnamala, katjia ltarrknga mangkitjika. People put children in smoke from emu bush leaves, to make them grow up healthy. Uranga ura kwaarta rraatama. Smoke rises from the fire.

kwaarta   n. egg. Thepa parlkara kwaarta tharra mpaarama. Crested pigeons lay two eggs. Ramiala lhunga kwaarnaka kwaarta ntjaarra mpaarama. The sand goanna lays lots of eggs inside its burrow. Thepa lhungaka kwaarta mpaaranha tharrama nama: thepa lurnpa, thepa terra-terra. There are two birds that lay eggs in burrows: the red backed kingfisher and the rainbow bee eaters.

Kwaarta Tuma   n. Place name for Ormiston. Kwaarta Tuma era kwatja-iparta. Ormiston is a permanent waterhole.

kwaartiwuma   vt. reward, repay, Era marra inthurra urrkaapukala, artwa nyintala erinha yultha kwaartiwuma. Having worked so very well, this one man rewards him with some goods.

kwaartiwuntja   n. a reward. Era kngarra kangkaka, kwaartiwuntja ekuranha inakala. He was extremely pleased when he received his reward. Morph: [kwaartiwuma + suff.‑ntja].

kwaiya   kt. older sister. Kwaiya nuka nukanga arrkurlinya. My older sister comes before me.

kwana   See main entry: kwaarna.

kwanginya   n. left side. Wurra nhanhala kwanginya intarra tuma. This boy uses his left arm to punch strongly.

kwaninya   See main entry: kwaarninya.

kwantjatharra   adv. on top of another (of two). Katjia tharra kwantjatharra nantha etapala nama. The two children are sitting on the horse.

kwarlpa   n. spectacled hare wallaby.

Lagorchestes conspicillatus.

kwatja   n. 1 • water. Relha ngkathala namanga, era kwatja ntjuma. When a person is thirsty, he has a drink of water. Marna urlpmanthaka kwatja thaalama, tharra nyinta-lhelama. Pour the water into the flour, then mix the two together.

2 • rain. Kwatja kngarrala nhamanga, urlpaiya rua lhama. When there's a big rain, the rivers flood. lrnparrka arna kwaarnala nama, kwatjanga ingkarna rraatama. Centipedes live underground, and come out after rain.

kwatja impurtna   hail, hailstone. Kwatja ngkaarla kngarritja pitjimanga, wurinya kngarra-erramanga, lhaarrkintja-karta, impurtna arna-urna tnyima. When big cumulo-nimbus clouds gather, the wind strengthens, there's lightning, hail falls to the ground.

kwatja iparta   rockhole. Mpalha kapurta kwatja ipartala kutatha intama. There is always water in the rockhole, even in the middle of summer.

kwatja ngantja   soakage. Relha ngkathalala urlpaiya eterala tnyaama, ngantja mpaaritjika, kwatja ntjutjika. People who are thirsty dig to make a soakage towards the side of the river, so as to get a drink of water.

kwatja ngkaarla   rain cloud. Eturnaka antalala kwatja ngkaarla pitjima. Thunga paka kwatja kngarrala nhitjina. Rain clouds come in the hot months. Maybe there will be big rain.

kwatja-rinya   water dweller, aquatic. Kwatja-rinya etna nama thepa wangkara, irrpaanga, ltjaarnma, ntjitjaarra, arrpunha ntjaarra turta. These are water dwellers: ducks, fish, yabbies, frogs and others.

kwatja-errama   vi. turn into water, melt. Impurtna arnaka tnyimala, kwatja-errama. Hail falls to the ground and turns into water. Morph: [kwatja +‑erra‑,‑ma].

kwatja-kunya   n. lack of water, waterless. Kwatja-kunya, tharrka ntjirrka-errama. Grass withers from lack of water. Kwatja-kunya, relha ngkathala wulhama. People feel thirsty from lack of water.

kwatja-kwatja-ilama   vt. make like water, make it watery. Marna urlpmantha mpaaramala, kwatja kngarra kuta thaalamala, kwatja-kwatja-ilama. When making damper from flour, pouring lots of water in will make it all watery. Morph: [reduplic + suff. –ila‑ma].

kwatjala nhama   v. raining. Ngkaarla wurla-erramanga, kwatjala nhama. Clouds come, and rain falls. See: nhama. Maartara inpura namanga, kwatja kngarrala nhama. As heavy clouds are here, it is raining heavily. Kwatjala nhamalanga, tharrka kngarra mangkama. Because it has rained, a lot of grass is growing.

Kwatjinmarra   n. place name, for an area north of Old Station, on the Ellery Creek. Relha Kwatjinmarrala nitjaarta, Pmara Kwaarlala ntakaarranga. People used to live at Kwatjinmarra, south of Kwaarla.

kwerrama   vi. hand sign, use sign language. Era kwerramala ilaka, ekura kaaralhitjika. He waved to tell the other person to wait for him. Era ilkaka, kwerraka turta He shouted and also made hand signs.

kwerrintjala ilama   vt. use hand signs. Era kwerrintjala ilama, 'Relha nyinta lhakala'. She is making a hand sign to say, "One person went".

kwi   Excl. Oh! Expression of surprise. Kwi! Atha rraatja mpaaraka? Oh! Did I do it the right way? Ilanga pitjikala, yinga-kwi ngaiyala inthurra! Having come a long way, oh, I was really hungry!

-kwia   end. This suffix strengthens or emphasises the word to which it attaches. Awakwia! Yes, indeed! Nurna lhiakwia ! Let's go! Nhanhakakwia era rukaara mpaaraka. That way he made it easy. Era nukakwia nhanha mpaaraka. He has done this for me.

kwintja   n. windbreak, shelter. Etna kwintja mpaarakala, lhurrpanga urala intitjika. They had made a windbreak so they could sleep by the fire in the winter cold.