E - e

-eikanha   v. should. Nurna erinha ntangkaka, era pitjeikanha. We called him, he should come. Unta mpaareikanha. 'You should do it'. 'I wish you would do it'.

-eikanherr-   v.end. should have. Kara tjipaarra nurna tweikanha-erraka. It was good meat; we should have killed it. Kara empurlalhaka, nurna ineikanha-erraka. The meat that we left behind, we should have got it.

ekalha   n. 1 • dough, paste, a cake made of seeds. Marna intanga, ekalha. There's a cake made of seeds.

2 • lump of resin. Ura kapala tjarlangka ekalha mpaarama, pulya-erritjika. The spinifex resin is heated and softened and made into a lump.

ekarlta   n. 1 • strong, powerful. Rrupa-rrupa wurinya ekarltanga, relha trerrama. People are frightened of strong willy-willies.

2 • hard, tough. Arna era kanha ekarlta kutala naka. The ground was hard all the way through.

3 • difficult. Ngkatja ekarlta ntjaarra lots of difficult words. Kara nhanha nama ekarlta inthurra. This meat’s very tough.

ekarlta-errama   vi. become or grow strong. Morph: [ekarlta + suff.‑erra‑,‑ma].

ekarlta-ilama   vt. make strong, strengthen. Morph: [ekarlta + suff.‑ila‑,‑ma].

ekarra   n. sore. Ntjwia errkngalhala katjia ekarra-karta parnama. Children with sores have corkwood bark rubbed on them.

ekarrama   vt. 1 • dress someone.

2 • put on, insert, join together, stick together. Artwa ekarlta nhanhala tyre ekarrama. This strong man is putting on the tyre.

ekarralhama   vi. put on, dress oneself. Artwa era mukaarta ekarralhama. The man is putting on his hat. Arrkutja tjirlaarra ekarralhama, nthapa-erritjika. Women put on headbands so that they can dance. Morph: [ekarrama + suff.‑lha‑,‑ma].

ekarralhanha   n. something to wear. Nhanha tjinaparlka, ingkaka ekarralhanha. This is a shoe, to wear on your foot. Morph: [ekarrama + suff.‑lha‑,‑nha].

eknga   adv. each time. Unta eknga ngkitjika antja nama? Do you want to butt into the conversation?

ekngarra   n. east.

ekngarra-thapa, ekngarra-thaka,   eastwards, in an easterly direction. Nurna ekngarra-thapa lhama, Ntarianga Pmara Rirrka Thathaka-urna. Pmaranga alturla rirrka nhanha nama, pmaranga kuta. We go eastwards from Hermannsburg, to Red Sand Hill. This sandhill is west of the outstation, just next to the outstation.

ekngarra-mpinya   n. eastern part, eastern side. Morph: [ekngarra + suff.‑mpinya ].

ekngarra-rinya   n. people belonging to the east.

ekngarrpunha-ilama   vt. turn something over, change around.

ekngeknga-ilama   vt. to spread something out, separate something into lots.

eknguma   vt. marry, take a spouse. Nua eknguma. A person takes a spouse.

ekura   pron. his, her, its. A number of suffixes of location, direction and causation follow this word.

ekura-iperra   adv. Then, after that. See: Kurunga.

ekuraka-errama   vi. arrive at it. Morph: [ekura + suff.‑ka,‑erra‑,‑ma].

ekura-rinya   n. his very own, applying only to himself.

ekuratharra   pron. Belonging to those two, their (two).

elintja   n. galah. Cacatua roseicapilla. Elintja wurla-errama, tningka etna untharlaapuma. Galahs go around in big flocks.

elpantha   n. Gentle rain, steady rain, winter rain with no thunder.

elpungka   n. Needlewood, Needle bush. Hakea leucoptera.

-emila   end. Forms new Arrarnta verbs from English words. Nantha era kngulya kick-imilama. The horse is kicking a dog.

empuma   vt. leave alone.

empunhama   vi. go past. Morph: [empuma + suff.‑nha‑,‑ma].

empurlalhama   vt. leave behind, abandon, desert.

empurlarrarnama   vt. permit something, allow.

empurlinama   vt. let go, set free. Morph: [empuma + suff.‑rlina‑,‑ma].

empurrama   vt. leave each other alone. Morph: d.&pl. [empuma + suff.‑rra‑,‑ma].

enarlanga   n. echidna, porcupine. Tachyglossus acanthion. Enarlanga linya tjinya-erramala, yaarra ilkuma. The echidna puts out its long tongue, and eats ants.

engkama   vt. ask for something, implore. Pmara-urna alpukala, eratharra ntulya mpaaranha ntjaarraka engkaka, "Ntulya ungkwanganha nthai, nurna money mpaaritjika, pipe initjika!" They returned home and implored other artists, "Please give us a painting. We'll sell it to make money to buy the pipes!"

enka   n. spirit (of a person).

enka-kunya-errama   vi. become disheartened, lose spirit. Morph: [enka + suff.‑kunya,‑erra‑,‑ma].

enkeirra   n. creek bank, river bank.

-enpa   n.end. with, also, as well as.

epinya   n. visitor, traveller, stranger, one from another place, who doesn't belong to the country.

era   pron. he, she, it,

eratharra   pron. They (two). Eratharra yaarna inthurra arna erinha thanthaka. They couldn't get through the ground.

erinha   pron. him, her, it,

erinhatharra   pron. them (two).

ernka   n. cliff. Arrua parta ernkala unthama. The rock wallaby lives on steep mountain slopes.

-erra-1   end. become, Forms intransitive verbs from nominal bases. Wurinya thurrkaarrala waarnama, kala wumpia-errama. When the north-west wind blows, it becomes hot. Marna mpaltjarta eturnaka urnma-errama. Wild oranges ripen in summer.

-erra-2   end. Forms new Arrarnta verbs (intransitive) from English words. Kwatja boil-errama The water is boiling.

-erra-3   vi. arrive at, destination has –ka. ekuraka-errama arrive at it. Thepa alkiraka-errama. Birds fly in the air. pmaraka-errama arrive home. tjaiyaka-errama set out on a journey.

erritjalhama   vi. take place, happen, occur. Lathanga, pmaraka-erritjalhama. A person comes back home from a trip. Morph: [err + suff. tjalha‑,‑ma].

erritjalpuma   vi. arrive back at. Arlta urrputja lhakala, pmaraka-erritjalpuma. Having gone away for a few days, now return home. Morph: [err + suff. tjalpu‑,‑ma].

erraara   n. homesick, sad, lonely.

erraara-errama   v.i. become homesick, become sad, become lonely. Morph: [erraara + suff.‑erra‑ma].

erraarnta   n. red-tailed black cockatoo. Calyptorhynchus banksii. Erraarntala marna anga, lyaaka turta, ilkuma. Red-tailed black cockatoos eat seeds and also prickles.

erralunga   n. honey grevillea. Grevillea junctifolia. Ngkwaarla erralunga ntjaarra mangkama rirrkala. Lots of honey grevillea bushes grow in the sandhills.

errapakama   vi. detour, go around something.

errarnpa-errama   vi. become scattered, shared out, distributed, go separate ways, go in different directions. Kurunga arlta nyintala-ntama eratharra wutha errarnpa-erraka. And then one day they split up and went their separate ways again.

errarnpa-ilama   vt. scatter, share out, distribute.

errarnpa-lhelama   vt. cause to be scattered, shared out, distributed. Pmarala era yultha ekuranha errarnpa-lhelaka, katjia ekura-urna turta, tjina ekura-urna. He shared his possessions with his children and family as well.

errarta   n. still, motionless, stiff. Variant: errirta. Untjwaara kwatja eterala errarta itnaama. White-necked herons stand motionless by the water's edge.

erratitja   n. walking stick, staff, cane,

errauwia   n. weapons.

errawarlkara   n. cockatiel. Nhymphicus hollandicus. Errawarlkarala antjua irna urlparala mpaarama. Cockatiels make their nests in hollow trees.

errilknga   n. dead person or animal, dead body, corpse. Nantha errilknga kwatjala intakala, urlpuntjitjika. The dead horse which has been lying in the water should be pulled out.

errilknga tuma   kill something or someone dead.

errilkngipata   n. dead person, ancestor from long ago.

errilya   n. Colony wattle, Murray wattle. Acacia Murrayana. Errilyaka ngaatura ilanga lhama, kurunga errilya kuka ntjaarra mangkama. The roots of the colony wattle bush are long, and little colony wattle bushes grow from them.

errintja   n. evil being, demon, Satan, devil. Errintja era nama enka kurna. Nurna erinha yaarna arama. Satan is an evil spirit. We cannot see him.

erritja   n. wedge-tailed eagle. Aquila audax. Erritjala kara ilkunha-ilkunha. Wedge-tailed eagles are meat eaters.

errkaarama   vt. search for something intensely.

errkama   vt. rub. Manga-ipenha alknga errkama. People rub their eyes because of the bush flies.

errkarnama   vt. scrape, scatch.

errkarnalhama   vi. scratch self. Errkintja-karta kngulya errkarnalhama. The dog is itchy and scratches itself.

errkintja   n. scabies. Arrathala errkintja-karta ilkngilitjika. Hill fuchsia leaves can cleanse us from scabies.

errkinya-errkinya   n. Bush hibiscus. Radyera farragei.

errkitja waama   vt. spin string from hair or fur. Era kapurta punganga, errkitja waama. She spins string from hair.

errkngalha   n. bark. Relhala para ntjirrkanga errkngalha inama. People gather dry bark from the river red gum. Wurinyala errkngalha etama, relhala ilpminya mpaaritjika. When the wind is blowing, people burn bark to make ashes.

errpmangk-errpmangk   n. native fuchsia. Eremophila alternifolia. Relha ngkwarlknga-kartala errpmangk-errpmangk ntjuma. People with colds and flu drink this native fuchsia mixture.

errtnya   n. 1 • skin of an animal.

2 • chaff, husks of seeds.

3 • dandruff.

errtnya iwuma   vt. peeling the skin from something. Kara tail errtnya iwuma yinpanga. Peeling the skin from the kangaroo tail.

errua   n. tea, tea leaves.

erruntarerrama   vt. evade, avoid, dodge (e.g. spears).

erruwalya   n. corpse of humans, body, place where a person has been killed. Tnangkarranga, relha tukala, pmara nhanhaka rretnya 'erruwalya'. According to the dreamtime, the place where a person has been killed is termed 'erruwalya'.

erruwuma, rruwuma   vi. shake, tremble. Artwa nhanha karnta rruwuma. This man is shivering from the cold.

erruwuntja   Variant: rruwuntja. n. trembling, shaking, Morph: [erruwuma + suff.‑ntja].

errurlperruwuma   Variant: rrurlperruwuma. v.i. continue to shake or tremble. See: erruwuma. Minta arrpunhala errkumanga, relha rrurlperruwuma. When holding onto another, sick person, one shakes and shakes. Morph: [erruwuma, reduplic‑].

etaarlintja   adv. always, continuously. Etaarlintja ungkwanga. That is your habit, to always do that.

etama   vt. 1 • cook. Kara laakinha mpaarama, kurunga etama. Prepare meat like this, then cook it.

2 • burn. See: compare with mpuma. Alkngaarta minta ngkwarlknga-kartala ura etitjika, urnpa ntjaanitjika. People with colds burn the native pine leaves and inhale the smoke. Karntanga, ura ngkwaltja etama, wumpia nitjika. Because of the cold, people burn firewood so as to keep warm.

3 • boil, heat up. Relha ngkwarlknga-kartala ntjira etamala ntjuma. People with a cold boil woollybutt grass and drink it. Yurta etakala, era tjarlangka mpaarama. After the spinifex has been heated, he makes spinifex tar.

etapaarrka    See: tapaarrka.

etapala kngama   v. carry on back. Miala katjia etapala kngama. Mother is carrying her child on her back.

etarla-etarlanga   n. reasoning.

etarlaralhama    See: etlaralhama.

etarlarama    See: etlarama.

etatha   n. life, alive. llparralhiala kaakumanga, relha yaarna etatha nama. If a king brown snake bites a person, they won't live.

etatha-errama   vi. become alive, revive. Morph: [etatha + suff.‑er a‑,‑ma].

etatha-ilama   vt. make alive, revive. Morph: [etatha + suff,‑ila‑,‑ma].

etatha-ilalhama   vi. save oneself. Morph: [etath‑ilama + suff.‑lha‑,‑ma].

etatha-ilanha   n. giver of life. Morph: [etath‑ilama + suff.‑nha].

etera   n. side, edge, bordering. Ngkeiparra urlpaiyala pa kwatja eterala untharlaapuma. Darters live in the river or by the edge of the water.

etera-eterala   adv. in the neighbourbood of. Parta etera-eterala. Near to the edge of the range (or mountain or hill).

eterrama   vi. think to oneself, reflect, meditate. Yinga pula ungkwanga kuta eterrama. No, I always think of you.

eterrapa-errama   vi. continue to think, reflect, meditate. Morph: [eterrama, reduplic‑].

eterrintja   n. idea, thought.

ethwa-ilama   vt. cut up. Kara arra ethwa-ilamala, relhala wurrpa ntjuma. People cut up the kangaroo and drink the stomach juices.

etintja   n. 1 • arm. Etintja era nama paarlapaka kwaarninya iltja-urna-thapa. The arm is from the shoulder downward to the hand.

2 • branch, large branch. Irnaka etintja urltaakai! Bring the branch of the tree down!

etintjakanha   n. bracelet. Etintjakanha ekarralhama. She puts on the bracelet.

etinya   n. near, close. lrrkarlaantja etinya ngkamanga, arrkutjala iltaaratuma. When brown falcons are close, women frighten them away by banging things.

etinya-errama   vi. come close, draw near. Kngulya itnura relha-urna itja etinya-errama. Dingoes do not come close to people. Morph: [etinya + suff.‑erra‑,‑ma).

etinya-errintjima   vi. approaching, drawing near. Miala ntangkamanga, katjia ekuranha etinya-errintjima. Because mum calls her, her child comes to her. Morph: [etinyerrama + suff.‑entji‑,‑ma].

etinya-ilama   vt. bring near. Era ura ilpaarta etinya-ilama, uraka arrarnitjika. He brings the log closer so as to put it on the fire. Morph: [etinya + suff.‑ila‑,‑ma].

etlarama   v.t. know, think, acknowledge, deem. Atha etlarama lhitjika. I'm thinking of going.

etlaralhama   vi. think to oneself, arrive at conclusion. Morph: [etarlarama + suff.‑lha‑,‑ma]. Ekura-rinya etlaralhama. A person thinks about himself [or herself]. Morph: etlaranha‑.

n. thinker.

etna   pron. They. Mia kaarta katjia-karta etna lhaka. Mother and father went with the children.

etnaka   pron. Theirs.

etnaka-rinya   n. their very own, applying only to themselves. Etnaka-rinya etna turrama. They are fighting between themselves or family members are fighting together. Morph: [etnaka + suff.‑rinya].

-etnama   v.end. 1 • while going along. iletnama talk while going along. Anpara lhamala, era iletnama. As he goes past, he speaks.

2 • Something running out, becoming less or disappearing as it goes. yirretnama vanish while going along, disappear. kurrka-erretnama become smaller or less while going along.

3 • For some verbs there is a sense of 'back to' similar to some words starting with 're-' in English. nthetnama give back to someone, give away to someone, disperse. kngetnama take back, carry back.

etnanha   pron. Them. Etnanha itja ilaka, pitjitjika. They were not told to come.

eturna   n. hot season, summer. See: mpalha. Alkngenara eturnaka antalala rraatama. Cicadas come out in the hot season. Marna mpaltjarta eturnaka urnma-erramanga. Wild oranges ripen in summer.

eturna tnarta mpupa   middle of the hot season. Eturna tnarta mpupa namanga, mpalha kngarra kala nama. When it is the middle of the hot season, it is blazing hot indeed. Antala nhanhala, eturna tnarta mpupa, arltala relha ntjaarra wumpia wulhama. Relha ntjaarrala ntulya mpaarama, karnta marra nitjika. During this season, the middle of the hot season, during the day people feel hot. People make some shade, to keep nice and cool. Eturna tnarta mpupa kala namanga, arltala nurna langa kartninya inthurra alkirala arama. Arlta tjinya nama. Itja paarrpa ingwa-errama. Antala nhanhala, wurinya wumpia waarnama, alturlanga paka, yirraranga paka. When it is the middle of the hot season, during the day we see the sun high up in the sky. The days are long. It doesn't quickly become night. During this season, there's a warm wind blowing, maybe from the west or maybe from the north.

eturna karta   end of the hot time. Eturna kartala ramia pa arna-rinya unthama, ilkurlaaputjika, lhungaka irrputjinala. When the hot season ends, sand goannas and snakes roam about to eat, before going into their burrows.